A/S.AS LAB
EXPERIMENTS Back to AS Lab

Experiment 01 / Browser simulation

Signal explorer.

A small experiment in timing.
Change the inputs. See the signal.

Set the signal

01—03
100 Hz
1 Hz1,000 Hz

How often the signal repeats.

50 %
0%100%

The part of each period spent high.

5.0 V
0 V12 V

The high level. The low level stays at 0 V.

IDEAL PWM WAVEFORM

Three periods. One pattern.

STATIC VIEW
Ideal pulse-width modulated signal A 100 hertz signal at 50 percent duty cycle, switching between 0 and 5 volts. Three periods span 30 milliseconds.

100 Hz · 50% duty · 5.0 V high30 ms window

Period T

10ms

High time tON

5ms

Low time tOFF

5ms

Average VAVG

2.50V
THE RELATIONSHIP

Average voltage = high voltage × duty cycle

5.0 V × 0.50 = 2.50 V

What to look for

01

Frequency changes time.

Increase the frequency and each period gets shorter. The view always fits three periods, so watch the time labels.

02

Duty changes the balance.

A higher duty cycle keeps the signal high for more of each period. At 0% it stays low; at 100% it stays high.

An ideal PWM visualization with no connected hardware. Average voltage is a mathematical result, not a prediction of motor speed or the response of a real circuit.